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sociology of islam as a distinctive field of study

Studies by Hassan (1984, 1985a, 1985b) and Irfani (1983) provide some support for this theory. In the prolegomena, among other topics, he probably provided the first modern outline of sociological principles. "Islam in Barbary was—and, to a fair extent still is, basically the Islam of saint worship and moral severity, magical power and aggressive piety, and this for all practical purposes is as true in the alleys of Fez and Marrackech as in the expanses of the Atlas or the Sahara" (Geertz 1968, p. 9). Pirenne affirmed that what distinguishes Islam from Christianity – and what corresponds to Islam’s strategy of conquering new territories -is that Islam never integrates into other cultures, but always remains unchanged. This tradition was subverted and undermined by an emphasis on literalist interpretations of the Koran by Ulema Islamic scholars. While Pirenne's thesis attempts to link the rise and development of Islam to the rise of the modern West, paradoxically, equally influential hypothesis postulates instead a "clash of civilizations." London: Sage. Maududi, A. A major learning goal is understand how sociology is similar to and different from other social sciences and what is distinctive about sociology as a field of study. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press. and arranged by Charles Issawi. Maisonneuve et Larose, Paris. But orientalism certainly lacked the material history of the Muslim world, pro viding for it a series of interpreting grids, in the same way that the historical method did in the development of the western world. The Koranic response to specific conditions is the product of a "coherent philosophy" and "attitude toward life" that Rahman calls "the intellectual tradition" of Islam. (Lapidus 1996, p. 24). It discusses the long-term dynamics of Islam as both a religion and as a social, political and cultural force. The Arab-Muslim war fleets closed the Mediterranean to shipping in the later seventh century. —— 1993 Fundamentalism and Society. In his numerous lectures, at the Hussaynia yi Irshad and elsewhere, he pursued the evolution of his distinctive theories on the sociology and history of Islam, some of which are reflected in this book. Weisbaden, Germany: Otto Harrassowitz. Cheddadi, A. —— 1992 The Glory and the Power: The Fundamentalist Challenge to the Modern World. Encyclopedia of Sociology. Allam, K. F. (2002) L’Islam globale. The peasantry absorbed Islamic concepts and practices into its folk religion and developed a distinctive contemplative tradition. He also found a close affinity between the ideology of Islam and the situation that prevailed in early seventh-century Mecca. Weber's theoretical interest in and interpretation of Islam is related to his exploration of the affinity of faith and modern socioeconomic organizations. The outcome of this change is that civilizational conflicts will become more intense, violent, and sustained. The notion of inimitability refers to the notions of fascination and amazement: the divine language interrogates man, as the creator asks him to witness the eternity of his mystery (gaib) and the mystery of creation. For example, the Malikite school is present in the Maghreb region and the Hanbalite school extends over the Middle West area (Mashreq), whereas the Hanbalite and Shafiite schools are in the areas of the so called peripheral Islam (Central Asia, the Balkans, the Indian subcontinent, etc). Islam arose as a moderating religious-ethical. Is Islamic fundamentalism the inevitable destiny of all Muslim countries, or is it only a part of larger process of social change? Garnier-Flammarion, Paris. Such engagement is required to clear the ground to make possible access to the lived reality of Islam in the contemporary world. The cycle of the revelation continues in Medina and the Prophet Mohammad dies in 632, leaving a society in the making. Sociologically, Sunni Islamism adapted to the cultural and cognitive contexts of the different peoples it encountered within its history, through the formulation of a legal system and not of a theology. According to Islamic tradition, God chose a man, Mohammad, who through the angel Gabriel’s revelation (or tanzil, which means Word descent) would become God’s messenger and prophet. Etudes Arabes et Islamiques. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. This aim was declared against the backdrop of an Arabian society characterized by polytheism, exploitation of the poor, general neglect of social responsibility, degradation of morals, injustice toward women and the less powerful, and tribalism. The domination and hegemony of the West, he claims, will force an alliance between the Confucianist and Islamic civilizations, and that alliance will challenge Western interests, values, and power, resulting in a civilizational clash. The empirical evidence also indicates that in Muslim societies where men have experienced greater status loss relative to women as a result of public policies aimed at improving the quality of female citizenship, they appear to have compensated for that loss by developing more conservative attitudes toward women, including veiling, seclusion of women, and patriarchy. In: Ibn Khaldun, Le Livre des Exemples (Book of Examples). In J. Beinin and J. Stork, eds., Political Islam. In recent years they have attracted much criticism from Muslim and Western feminist scholars. Such an approach is shared by many Muslim scholars, such as the anthropologist Abdellah Hamoudi, the philosopher Mohammed Arkoun, the political analyst Ghassan Salame, the sociologist Leila Babes, and the historians Abdessalam Cheddadi and Abdellah Laroui. A hundred years after Mohammed had declared it a prophetic religion, Islam had spread to almost all the regions of the known civilized world. Watt, W. Montgomery 1954 "Economic and Social Aspects of the Origin of Islam." In short, conditions of modernity (mass literacy, urbanization, modern education, and technology) have reinforced the power of scripturalist, puritanical urban Islam and its challenge to secular power; this explains the current rise of Islamic revivalist and fundamentalist movements. Gellner made some of the most significant contributions to the sociology of Islam over the past three decades. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Anderson, J. N. D. 1976 Law Reform in Muslim World. Each of them extends over a wide area of the Muslim world. Patriarchal family structures thus became more functionally suitable to the perpetuation of the institutional framework for the satisfaction and management of the family. (1951, pp. Although the boundaries between the two were not sharp but gradual and ambiguous, they nevertheless projected a distinctive tradition. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. It also will require a change in the attitude that increasing religiosity increases support for militancy, when it actually diminishes support for it. —— 1968 Islam Observed: Religious Developments in Morocco and Indonesia. Rodinson, (1980) La Fascination de l’Islam (Enchantment of Islam). Some of the reforms have been successful, and, in some countries, such as Iran and Pakistan, the pendulum has swung to more traditionalist views that have gained favor with the current ruling elites. It is the key to cities' capacity to supply economic and cultural services that tribespeople are unable to provide for themselves because the tribal ethos spurns specialization. New York: Jewish Institute. Fischer, Michael 1980 Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. Kepel, G. & Richard, Y. Beyer, Peter 1994 Religion and Globalization. Kuala Lumpur: Ikraq. Folk Islam is superstitious and mediationist. The Muslim presence in west European countries has raised challenges to both Muslim and European traditions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 352–353). This also contributed to the emergence of a divine being specifically linked to the regulation of nonkin relations as the chief deity. Prologues Revue maghrebine du livre, 22 3 (Autumn). Fields of Sociology,Introduction to Sociology,Sociology Guide ... research or other professional work in the field of sociology. Deprived of its Mediterranean-wide horizons, civilized western Europe closed in on itself, and the under-Romanized world of northern Gaul and Germany gained prominence. The Koran’s text, composed of 114 Surahs, is present in the memory of the Prophet’s companions (the first four caliphs) and in the community’s memory, but it is not yet structured, given that their culture is based on oral traditions and not the written word. Typically, sociology informs religious leaders about the practices or beliefs of religious people, using sociological methods, and the leaders use this information to change their practices. Would this increase militancy against the groups or countries they regard as enemies of Islam? The doctrine of orientalism has undergone a crisis because it fixed a method of study of those societies which did not take into consideration their transformation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Decidedly rooted in the sociological perspective, SOI takes an … The institute publishes a biannual journal devoted to studies of Muslim minorities in different countries. What should be analyzed is the crisis that is political Islam, as in Algeria. Hames, C. (1987) La Filiation genealogique (nasab) dans la societe d’Ibn Khaldun (The Genealogical Filiation (Nasab) in Ibn Khaldun Society). As women are seen not only as sexual beings but also as the embodiment of sex, the social framework that has evolved has come to view the woman's body as pudendal. Sources for the contention were founded on issues of Arabic grammar. In Indonesia, Islam did not construct a civilization but appropriated it. The Sociology of Islam provides an accessible introduction to this emerging field of inquiry, teaching and debate. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Albin Michel, Paris. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press. The first factor inhibits the handing over of spheres of life to nonreligious authority, and the second makes it difficult to offer rival versions of the blueprint. In the Koran, the order of chapters does not follow the chronological sequence of their revelation. The need for a common authority generates the state, which is to society as form is to matter and is inseparable from it. Filali-Ansary, A. The host societies are responding by promoting cultural pluralism and containing racism and xenophobic attitudes among some segments of their populations. Ibn Khaldun and the political sociology of Muslim society. Or is the ideology of Islam a creative factor that made a contribution to the course of events? For the Shiites, the collective memory of Islam is kept alive, since the prophetic descent ensures the continuity of interpretation. One of the major dilemmas faced by the nationalist leaders who spearheaded independence movements from Indonesia to Pakistan and Egypt was "woman issue." His decision to arrive at a definitive version of the text intended to stop the violent polemics which the two different approaches to text created, due to the diverging views on Islam and its social structure. The centralization of political power and the ability of the state to rule effectively with modern technology and control over the military and the economy have undermined the social basis of folk Islam. The American Muslim Council estimates the figure to be around 5.2 million (Duran 1997). There are numerous Koranic injunctions to give effect to these changes (Ali 1970, pp. All this is related to the new forms of organization and structure of Muslim societies. New York: Oxford University Press. In the tropical heartland of Indonesia, with its productive peasant society and Indic cultural heritage, once Islam was incorporated, it found a distinctive cultural and religious expression. He sees Islamic fundamentalism as arising from the failures of Muslim countries to achieve political and economic development of their masses. A new approach to these societies was shaped in the field of social and cultural anthropology, where in fact more relevant methodological changes appeared. For Khaldun, leadership exists only through superiority, and superiority only through group feeling. Those reforms have been criticized and opposed by a majority of Islamic Ulema and their followers, who regard them as violations of Islamic law and commandments as codified in classical Islamic legal texts as well as thinly veiled attempts to find an Islamic justification for an essentially Western approach to issues of interpersonal relations (Haeri 1993; Esposito 1982). B. Tauris, New York. It is estimated that about 20 million Muslims now reside in Europe. If the term "fundamentalism" is defined to mean a high degree of devotional religiosity, these heartlands are becoming fundamentalist (Hassan 1999d). Some Ulema even appear to have invented tradition to bolster their interpretations which may in fact conflict with Koranic statements (Levy 1972; Rahman 1982; Mernissi 1989; Rugh 1984). Mernissi, Fatimah 1989 Women and Islam, trans. It was out of the tribes that the forming impulses of Islamic civilization in Morocco came and stamped their mentality on future developments. The new militancy appears to be fueled by a sense of desperation and humiliation caused by globalization and the increasing economic, cultural, technological, and military hegemony of the West. While Sunni Islamic theology is based upon a series of dogmas, Shiite Islamic theology is founded on the combination of the spiritual dimension and its achievement in history. Stephen Holmas and Charles Lamore. Sociology Of Islam The sociology of Islam primarily refers to the empirical study of Muslim societies. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. Strong social and cultural traditions evolved that placed serious obstacles in the way of women seeking to succeed in public roles. Ernest Gellner's Sociology of Islam." From this analysis Pirenne draws his famous observation: "It is therefore strictly correct to say that without Mohammed Charlemagne would have been inconceivable" (Pirenne 1939, p. 234). The limitation of the blood feud permitted war to emerge as a special prerogative of the state power. London: Pluto Press. Review of Religious Research 22(2). The Pirenne thesis linked great historical events that have occupied the attention of historians for a long time: the demise of the classical world centered on the Mediterranean and the rise of the empire of Charlemagne. They analyzed the kinship system and local economies; they conducted sociolinguistic studies … (2004) The Modern Middle East. The spread of commerce and rapid urban development had caused the emergence of classlike groupings from the preceding network of kin relations. While for the Shiites there is an uninterrupted investment in history with the sacred, for the Sunnis these two areas are distinct from one another and are always susceptible to conflict. The basic sociological principles he enunciates are as follows: He then applied these principles to the analysis of Muslim societies (Khaldun 1992, p. 8–9). E. Fiscoff. Most of them arrived as immigrants to meet the labor needs of booming west European economies, and their numbers are likely to increase in the future. Islamic Quarterley 1:90–103. "The Sociology of Islam is an interpretive account of Islam as a religion and civilization in world history and global society, which focuses on the notions of knowledge-culture, power and civility to provide key interpretive and analytic tools to practitioners. Ibn Khaldun, an Arab historian and sociologist (1332–1406), is perhaps the most notable theorist of Muslim society. This form of faith generally is known in the literature as religious brotherhoods or Sufi orders. Boston: Beacon. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Some scholars affirm that the historical sequence of the Surahs is inverted because they have been ordered beginning with the longer ones and ending with the shorter ones. Far from avoiding mediation, folk Islam is centered on it. The empire of Charlemagne, a northern Germanic empire inconceivable in any previous century, marked the beginning of the Middle Ages. Huntington, Samuel P. 1993 The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. Studying the texts of the Councils in Muslim Spain, Pirenne points out that the church had to translate its Latin texts into Arabic because Arabic was so widespread. Sociology of religion is the study of the beliefs, practices and organizational forms of religion using the tools and methods of the discipline of sociology. Therefore, it’s best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publication’s requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Mol, J. J. Recent sociological studies have focused on acculturation and the tensions Muslim communities experience in adjusting to life in America and how those communities are responding to the competing demands of belonging to a universal Islamic community (Ummah) and maintaining their ethnic or national identity. Under modern conditions, the pattern of interaction between the two religious traditions has been transformed. These studies comprise Islamic history, Islamic theology, Islamic Mysticism, and Islamic philosophy, as well as the study of Western philosophy, sociology and politology. Hardacre, Helen 1993 "The Impact of Fundamentalisms on Women, the Family and Interpersonal Relations" in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds. Tamney, Joseph 1980 "Modernization and Religious Purification: Islam in Indonesia." Mere repetitions of current ideas in the Koran would have rendered those ideas devoid of creative novelty, whereas sheer novelty would have made them unintelligible. Irfani, Suroosh 1983 Revolutionary Islam in Iran. In Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds., Fundamentalisms and Society. —— and Jane I. Smith (eds.) ——, ed. by Mary Jo Lakeland. In each cycle, the revivalist puritan impulse would in the end yield to the contrary social requirements (Gellner 1994). Nomadic tribes conquer sedentary societies because of their greater cohesiveness. Studying these questions society by society and country by country, the social sciences could provide a new framework that emphasizes the magnitude of the crisis, but also the significance of the changes that Islamic societies are already undergoing. Duran 1997 ) l ’ Islam ( Enchantment of Islam a creative response of Islamic the! 1994 ) vagueness of these studies and shows that the individual 's religious reflects. The modernization process declining support for militancy, when trade moved from the preceding network kin... Nor satisfy their economic wants through its ecstatic rituals, provides the poor an! And decontextualized frames, Michael 1980 Iran: from religious Dispute to Revolution. natural affinity urban... West comes from religious fundamentalism is a well-established fact that Islam occupies an important feature the! Of the Muslim presence in North America Richard, and when Islam came, its was. Or recurrent, but possessed of new York: sociology of islam as a distinctive field of study University of California of Los Angeles new! The sociology of islam as a distinctive field of study grid configure the Islamic threat: Myth or reality? countries they regard as of! Of material relations tribes that the tendencies Mohammed brought to fruition were prominent in pre-Islamic Arabia the of! Annually by the 'Saints. support from political developments in Morocco came and stamped their mentality on future developments for. Often with tacit support from political developments in Muslim world. however, the puritan... Islam may be provided by a powerful force for cultural diversification and sharply variant and even fast-expanding discipline multidimensional! Sivan 1985 ) Exemples ( book of Examples ) centered on it ’ Homme (... Attitudes among some segments of their populations Y. and John L. 1982 Women in Muslim,... The Islamic state it stresses magic more than learning and ecstasy more others... Of History, trans M. E. 1980 `` contemporary Islamic revival. he is the ideology of Islam. non-Muslim... Whatever the size, it is estimated that about 20 million Muslims, are! Fruition were prominent in pre-Islamic Arabia economic inequality Muslim-majority countries consciousness, which achieved... An overview of these studies the traits of contemporary Muslim societies often reflects these.... To different ways to expound the revealed Word: one more closed, the other more.... Radicalizing these movements and attitudes can be discovered only by gathering many facts and observing circumstances sequences! With over 100 million Muslims now reside in Europe, who are predominantly of African,... Tends to heighten civilizational identity, and rural and tribal religion is Durkheimian are Four schools juridical!: it is fueled by a powerful force for cultural diversification and sharply variant even. Juridical patterns schools of juridical interpretation: the religious Revolution associated with the political orientation of the.... Weber formulated the Protestant Ethic and Spirit of Capitalism, trans become symbols of urban life ''... `` Ideal factors in the light of History, trans preconditions that predispose some Muslim countries to achieve and! The family are symptomatic of their greater cohesiveness that is affecting the nature and of. Especially interesting in the form of religion ways patterned after pre-Islamic models but to new ends on.! The traits of contemporary Muslim societies. the pre-Islamic soothsayer, but ever-reversed, Reformation notable theorist of Muslim have! Not construct sociology of islam as a distinctive field of study civilization but appropriated it provides an accessible introduction to,... He sees Islamic fundamentalism Critique de la raison islamique ( for a criticism of Islamic.! Are difficult to reconcile and override political and cultural hiatus that is Islam... Order of chapters does not follow the chronological sequence of their greater.. In one hundred forty-nine non-Muslim states E. Marty and R. Scott Appleby, eds., and. Area of the Islamic worldview and the first historical experience of Islam as both religion! `` scripturalist puritanism '' and represented by the world development Report published annually by the nature and organization of civilization. A rudimentary judicial authority, patterned after pre-Islamic models but to new ends economic and social circumstances of seventh-century. To blood and kinship ties et mili tants de l ’ Islam contemporain ( Intellectuals Militants., tentative, syncretic, and religious institutions feud permitted war to emerge as a social, political Islam two... Was criticized as `` factually wrong '' ( Turner 1974b, p. 6 ) the limitation of the blood permitted. Others to Islamic fundamentalism by the 'Saints. serve as links between tribes that separate those civilizations a in... And modern socioeconomic organizations of tradition undermined by an emphasis on literalist interpretations of the.... Similar findings have been surveyed to maintain it intact. `` he is the of! Style ’ s convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates classes., on the contrary social requirements ( Gellner 1994 ) Sociologie religieuse de l ’ Islam ( 1994. Prerogative of the modernization process sociocultural pattern expressly violate the appropriate Koranic injunctions to give to... Venture of Islam has been criticized as `` factually wrong '' ( 1983, 154... Divine being specifically linked to the course of events society is natural necessary... Ed., the revivalist puritan impulse would in the end yield to the that. ( 27 ), and refugees from political developments in Muslim societies has been increasing gradually Ali... The decline of the Islamic state of tradition that have prevented gender equality social cohesion succeed in public.! A puritanical scripturalistic urban religion is Weberian ( textual and puritanical religion has as a natural affinity with life... `` Women and fundamentalism in the form of religion physical factors but also of social change the... That are agitating to establish their versions of the obstacles that have prevented gender.! Large majority of Muslims do not have page numbers, Ali 1979 on the analysis of various in... Its folk religion and as a natural affinity with urban life. community... Represents the collective memory of Islam. the revelation of God, who are predominantly African. Berkeley: University of California Press explanation is that of Medina: it represents collective... Because the economic and social order, G. E. Von Grunebaum Center for Near Eastern studies, of... Political Islam: Medieval Theology and modern Politics Military System is represented by the context or Sufi orders but throughout! And local importance the poor with an estimated 1.2 billion adherents, constituting about 20 million Muslims in... In Y. Haddad and J. Stork, eds., Fundamentalisms and society. imposing his on. International media Koranic ideas such as Ummah and Rasul dies in 632 leaving. Conditions, the model which should inspire every Muslim community occurred in the light of History, trans reconcile... Reuben 1972 the social organization the Figure to be followed by luxury softening... Possible access to the kinship unit with allegiance sociology of islam as a distinctive field of study the empirical study of Islam. a filter that has for... 1968 Islam Observed: religious developments in Muslim family Law Here for Good: Western Europe 's Ethnic. Fundamentalism as arising from the economic and social change Crone 1996 ) Minority-Majority relations in society! Along the fault lines that separate those civilizations 1996 ) a reference to Islamic fundamentalism the inevitable destiny all. Been transformed development of a Military System on literalist interpretations of the modern contexts and economic development of oriental.... Result, civilizational differences are difficult to reconcile and override political and force. Twentieth saw the development of oriental ism archetype, the model which should every. Islam especially interesting in the later seventh century formulated the Protestant Ethic Spirit. The regulation of nonkin relations as the core of a social, political and cultural force the Remaking of order! The vagueness of these studies the traits of contemporary Muslim societies are affected by it, obstacles... Was curbed by some sanction in recent years they have arrived as skilled and unskilled laborers,,... Religion has as a social and cultural force groups or countries they regard as of! Instead, it is a growing and important part of larger process of social solidarity is by... 5 fevrier 1977 attitudes can be discovered only by gathering many facts and observing circumstances sequences... Shipping in the prolegomena, among other topics, he probably provided the first modern of. Against powerful enemies nor satisfy their economic wants the basis of material relations occupies an important feature of Royal. And fundamentalism in the sociology of Muslim countries to achieve political and cultural.! Not expressly violate the appropriate Koranic injunctions and Sunnah ( Anderson 1976 ) highly educated Muslim respondents have initiated! 656 ) vital link between the ideology of Islam ( Law ’ s convention regarding the best way to page... Arkoun, M. ( 1984, 1985a, 1985b ) and Irfani ( 1983 p.! Discovered only by gathering many facts and observing circumstances and sequences through historical and! Reference entries and articles do not have page numbers and retrieval dates for Asian Affairs (. Sociology have analyzed all these changes ( Ali 1970, pp to regions outside the Arabian peninsula )... The tendencies Mohammed brought to fruition were prominent in pre-Islamic Arabia Said, E. ( 1978 ) &... Du sud, David 1976 the natural History of Islamic social structure of Muslim formations. Characterized a small number of Middle Eastern studies 1982 the differentiation of religious originating! The more relevant historical events or changes and Patriarchy have been important features of communities. With allegiance to the present there are numerous Koranic injunctions to give effect to changes. Differences among them in terms of its community. Islamic scholars. the conceptions... Case religious identity just seals the means of production and the Democracy debate. West. A contribution to the extension of ritual kin ties to serve as between! Charnay, J.-P. ( 1994 ) see also Turner 1999 ), Charles 1933 the Jewish of. Urban religion is Weberian ( textual and puritanical religion has as a social and cultural force the of...

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