While she has a small brain (300–350 cubic centimeters), her face is small with thin cheeks and incisors incapable of chewing tough foods. Like common chimpanzees, A. ramidus was much more prognathic than modern humans. ARA-VP-6/1 teeth: This is the holotype for this species. Ardipithecus ramidus and the paleobiology of early hominids. They had a brain size similar to that of chimps, between 300 and 350cc. This has led to speculation that canine teeth … The discoverers argue that the ‘Ardi’ skeleton reflects a human-African ape common ancestor that was not chimpanzee-like. The Middle Awash Ardipithecus ramidus sample comprises over 145 teeth, including associated maxillary and mandibular sets. The remains mostly consist of teeth and jaw fragments, but also some bones from the hands and feet. ramidus lacks the postcanine megadontia of Australopithecus . We don’t know everything about our early ancestors—but we keep learning more! ramidus probably also avoided tough foods, as they did not have the heavy chewing specializations of later Australopithecus species. Ardipithecus teaches us that we inherited our small canines very early in hominin evolution. White and his colleagues gave their discovery the name Ardipithecus ramidus (‘ramid’ means ‘root’ in the Afar language of Ethiopia and refers to the closeness of this new species to the roots of humanity, while ‘Ardi’ means ‘ground’ or ‘floor’). According to Science magazine, ardipithecus is not the oldest putative hominin, but it is by far the most complete of the earliest specimens. These sets of derived Ardipithecus ramidus individuals were most likely omnivores, eating a more general diet of both plants, meat and fruit. All these fossils are dated to the interval between 5 million and 7 million years ago. ramidusilluminates our own origins because it clarifies our rela-tionship to Australopithecus. ramidus is well represented, including all types of teeth (incisors, canines, premolars and molars) and associated upper and lower teeth. Modern human males do not use their canines to compete with other suitors. Ardi’s skeleton includes most of her skull and teeth, as well as her hands, feet, and pelvis. Thus, Ardipithecus is a "missing link" and brings us one step close to the "Last Common Ancestor" (LCA) of chimpanzees and humans, which is estimated by DNA to be 5.4 mya. These help reveal the earliest stages of human evolution. Some 4.4 million years ago, a hominid now known as Ardipithecus ramidus lived in what were then forests in Ethiopia. Ar. Australopithecus ramidus, a new species of early hominid from Aramis, Ethiopia. Az első kövület 4,4 millió éves két vulkáni réteg közötti rétegtani helyzete alapján. Its short posterior cranial base differs from that of both Pan troglodytes and P. paniscus . However, scientists claim that other features of its skeleton reflect adaptation to bipedalism. This contradicts the open savanna theory for the origin of bipedalism, which states that humans learned to walk upright as climates became drier and environments became more open and grassy. This specimen preserves key details of the dentition, skull, forearm, pelvis, leg, and foot of a young adult female. The reduced canine size and reduced skull robustness in A. ramidus males (about the same size in males and females) is typically correlated with reduced male–male conflict, increased parental investment, and monogamy. Ar. ramidus . Its molars have thinner enamel and are functionally less durable than those of Australopithecus but lack the derived Pan pattern of thin … ramidus. A good sample of canine teeth of this species indicates very little difference in size between males and females in this species. While she has a small brain (300–350 cubic centimeters), her face is small with thin cheeks and incisors incapable of chewing tough foods. Paleoanthropologists are constantly in the field, excavating new areas with groundbreaking technology, and continually filling in some of the gaps about our understanding of human evolution. It has been described as a "probable chronospecies" (i.e. Ardi was a female, but since many teeth have been found from several individuals, it seems that males were not much different in size based on canine length. Its molars have thinner enamel and are functionally less durable than those of Australopithecus but lack the derived Pan pattern of thin … However, the most important thing about Ardipithecus ramidus is that it has led us to … Rethinking Ape to Human Evolution. Approaching the Science of Human Origins from Religious Perspectives, Religious Perspectives on the Science of Human Origins, Submit Your Response to "What Does It Mean To Be Human? If the enamel was  thin, this would suggest Ar. In 1994, the Middle Awash team hit an unexpected jackpot – a 4.4 million year-old skeleton of a species named Ardipithecus ramidus. A Ardipithecus ramidus egy kihalt Hominin faj ami az Ardipithecus nembe tartozik, a nem másik faját az Ardipithecus kadabbát az alfajának tekintették 2004-ig.. 1994-ben nevezték el. Ardipithecus ramidus was first reported in 1994; in 2009, scientists announced a partial skeleton, nicknamed ‘Ardi’. This is something that all hominins share. Ardipithecus kadabba is "known only from teeth and bits and pieces of skeletal bones", and is dated to approximately 5.6 million years ago. The great divides: Ardipithecus ramidus reveals the postcrania of our last common ancestors with African apes. Az első kövület 4,4 millió éves két vulkáni réteg közötti rétegtani helyzete alapján. We now have over 145 teeth, including canines from up to 21 individuals. One trait of Ardipithecus that looks more human-like is its teeth. ramidus-Au. ancestor) of A. ramidus. ramidus was not a specialized frugivore (fruit-eater). Ramidus’ teeth was a lack of premolar complexes, or essentially the fangs seen in gorillas and chimpanzees. Ardipithecus estimated at 50kg is greater than that of a baboon and double some (Sarmiento 104). White and colleagues respond to Sarmiento’s points as follows: The greatly expanded Ar. kadabba-Ar. By volunteering, or simply sending us feedback on the site. Meet Ardipithecus.This introduction has been a long time coming. Ardipithecus kadabba is "known only from teeth and bits and pieces of skeletal bones", and is dated to approximately 5.6 million years ago. The most recent find includes most of the skull and teeth , as well as the pelvis , hands , and feet , and reveal an "intermediate" form of upright walking, considered a hallmark of hominins. The Middle Awash Ardipithecus ramidus sample comprises over 145 teeth, including associated maxillary and mandibular sets. Science 326, 100-106. By looking at the wear-patterns and chemical make up of Ardi's teeth, scientists can tell that she lived on a diet of fruits and vegetation. The name Ardipithecus ramidus stems mostly from the Afar language, in which Ardi means "ground/floor" and ramid means "root". Nuts and bolts classification: Arbitrary or not? Its molars have thinner enamel and are functionally less durable than those of Australopithecus but lack the derived Pan pattern of thin … In general, the absolute and relative sizes of the teeth (excluding the canines) are roughly similar to those of chimpanzees, but the incisors are smaller and the second and third molars are larger than in Pan . Ardipithecus ramidus was discovered in December 1992. Some Au. This hypothesis might be able to be tested by looking at what istopes are preserved in the teeth of Ardipithecus ramidus, but even then we can't necessarily be sure we're asking the right questions. The anatomy of Ar. Distinct features of these teeth led the finders to place all the fossils into a new species Ardipithecus kadabba rather than a subspecies of Ardipithecus ramidus. Since that time, White’s team have uncovered over 100 fossil specimens of Ar. These sets of derived Ar. Baboons today are omnivores and eat primarily vegetation and small animals, which could easily have been the diet of Ardipithecus. White, T.D., Asfaw, B., Beyene, Y., Hailie-Selassie, Y., Lovejoy, C. O., Suwa, G., Woldegabriel, G., 2009. ramidus lacks the postcanine megadontia of Australopithecus . ramidus teeth remains show it was neither very thick nor very thin. Science 326, 36-50. But how far back do you think this saying can still apply? The foot bones in this skeleton indicate a divergent large toe combined with a rigid foot – it's still unclear what this means concerning bipedal behavior. She and male members of her species also had smaller, diamond-shaped canines. What about Ardi? One trait of Ardipithecus that looks more human-like is its teeth. Remains from both species have been found in the Middle Awash. The Middle Awash Ardipithecus ramidus sample comprises over 145 teeth, including associated maxillary and mandibular sets. These help reveal the earliest stages of human evolution. They could have eaten a more varied diet than ramidus. ramidus is best understood by examining Ardi, the partial skeleton found at Aramis. In 2002, six teeth were found at Asa Koma in the Middle Awash. Ardipithecus ramidus lived approximately 4.4 million years ago in Ethiopia. For example, Ardipithecus males probably did not use their canines in male-to-male combat. As such, it has a mix of ape-like and hominin characteristics. ", "Shaping Humanity: How Science, Art, and Imagination Help Us Understand Our Origins" (book by John Gurche), What Does It Mean To Be Human? Ardi’s fossils were found alongside faunal remains indicating she lived in a wooded environment. If the enamel was thick, it would mean Ar. Ardipithecus ramidus was first reported in 1994; in 2009, scientists announced a partial skeleton, nicknamed ‘Ardi’. They date to between 5.6 and 5.8 million years old. The fact is that the P 3 of Ardipithecus is by itself apelike. kadabba is from Ethiopia; it is the earlier chronospecies of Ar. ramidus lacks the postcanine megadontia of Australopithecus. The cranium of Ardipithecus ramidus, an early Pliocene (4.4 Ma) hominoid from Ethiopia, was shown to have a relatively anterior foramen magnum on a short basicranium, corroborating evidence of nonhoning canine teeth and terrestrial bipedality for phylogenetic attribution of this taxon. It was then that the species was named Ardipithecus kaddaba, which means "oldest ancestor". Two species have been described, Ardipithecus ramidus and Ardipithecus kadabba, which was initially described as a subspecies of A. ramidus, but on the basis of teeth recently discovered in Ethiopia has been raised to species rank. These help reveal the earliest stages of human evolution. The molars of Ar. 4.4 MYA. Ar. ramidus ate tough, abrasive foods. The species dates to several million years after the split between hominins and chimps (approximately 7.5-9.5mya). This is a distinctive feature of the hominid family (the family of humans and their ancestors), and also represents a possible … Chickens, chimpanzees, and you - what do they have in common? A recent paper (Harmand et al. Ar. Ardipithecus ramidus Skull BH-039 $395.00 . The teeth of a male Ardipithecus, on the other hand, were small and dull and would not have provided any social signals, like humans. Science 326, 74-74e8. Anatomical features. As a result, human males do not have big canines. Ar. Teeth : The skull features smallish, relatively human-like teeth. Enamel thickness in teeth is an important indicator of diet, as thin enamel, as seen in chimpanzees, would suggest a diet of “soft” foods while thicker enamel, like that of Homo, would imply a diet of more “abrasive” foods. ramidus. Many male great apes have upper canines that are big and pointy like a dagger. Nature 371, 306-312. The Middle Awash Ardipithecus ramidus sample comprises over 145 teeth, including associated maxillary and mandibular sets. As such, it has a mix of ape-like and hominin characteristics. Public Service and Gibbons, A., 2009. From the plethora of teeth found in the fossil record, several key character traits of Ardipithecus ramidus have become increasingly evident. Ardipithecus ramidus lived approximately 4.4 million years ago in Ethiopia. Remains from both species have been found in the Middle Awash. A partial skeleton of a female, known as "Ardi", combines human and other primate traits. ramidus is best understood by examining Ardi, the partial skeleton found at Aramis. Community Solutions. Ardipithecus ramidus was origi- nally defined in 1994 primarily on the basis of recov- ered teeth, but the sample size was small, limiting comparison to other primate fossils. These help reveal the earliest stages of human evolution. They were classified as a subspecies Ardipthecus ramidus kadabba. A. ramidus was named in September 1994. Lovejoy, C.O., 2009. Reexamining human origins in light of Ardipithecus ramidus. White and colleagues respond to Sarmiento’s points as follows: The greatly expanded Ar. Ardipithecus is an extinct hominid which lived approximately 4 million to 2 million years ago – from the Late Pliocene Period through the Early Pleistocene Period. While bipedalism at first exposed our early ancestors to predators, it also gave them the advantage of increased mobility, and that had at least two important advantages. Some specimens discovered earlier in Kanapoi, Lothagam and Tabarin could also belong to this species. and the Daam Aatu Basaltic Tuff (D.A.B.T.). The early finds included diamond-shaped canine teeth, distinct from the dagger-like fangs of apes, which marked these creatures as primitive members of the human family. 2015) reports the discovery of the oldest known tools, but dating to between 3.11 and 3.33, they are at least a million years younger than Ardipith… ramidus are smaller than are those of any of the Australopithecus species. (book by Richard Potts and Chris Sloan). Based on Ardi's partial skeleton, the females of the species were about four feet tall and somewhere around 110 pounds. Scientists, teachers, writers, illustrators, and translators are all important to the program. Ardipithecus - Ardipithecus - Evolutionary relationships: The earliest hominid fossils come from three African sites. Ardipithecus kadabba is the scientific classification given to fossil remains "known only from teeth and bits and pieces of skeletal bones," originally estimated to be 5.8 to 5.2 million years old, and later revised to 5.77 to 5.54 million years old. This is deduced from analysis of their teeth. At the time of this discovery, the genus Australopithecus was scientifically well established, so White devised the genus name Ardipithecus to distinguish this new genus from Australopithecus. ramidus dental sample now further obviates Sarmientos assertions by establishing a metrically and morphologically refined Ar. Because of this, it is assumed that A. ramidus lived in a society similar to bonobos and ateline monkeys due to a process of self domestication(becoming more and more docile which allows for a more gracile build). Ardipithecus shares with all later hominids. The early Pliocene African hominoid Ardipithecus ramidus was diagnosed as a having a unique phylogenetic relationship with the Australopithecus + Homo clade based on nonhoning canine teeth, a foreshortened cranial base, and postcranial characters related to facultative bipedality. Ardipithecus - Ardipithecus - The discovery of Ardipithecus: Researchers working at the Middle Awash study area in Ethiopia had first surveyed the Aramis area in 1981. It consists of teeth and jaw bone and was found in Aramis in 1993. In Ardipithecus: Anatomical features. The molars of Ar. In 1994, the Middle Awash team hit an unexpected jackpot – a 4.4 million year-old skeleton of a species named Ardipithecus ramidus. kadabba was not as well known as its descendant Ar. A new kind of ancestor: Ardipithecus unveiled. ramidus are smaller than are those of any of the Australopithecus species. It is unlikely they ate hard abrasive foods like nuts and tubers. The pithecus portion of the name is from the Greek word for "ape". Over 100 specimens of Ardipithecus ramidus have been recovered in Ethiopia. Ardipithecus ramidus teeth: Four million year old Australopithecus anamensis had larger, sturdier molars and much thicker enamel than Ard. We have fossils of Ardipithecus that date to between 5.8 to 4.4 million years ago. Her face does not project as far as a … Like most primitive, but unlike all previously recognized hominins, Ardipithecus ramidus had a grasping big toe adapted for locomotion in trees. Have you ever heard the expression it “runs in the family?” Maybe someone has told you that you have your parent’s eyes or grandparent’s artistic talents. Below are some of the still unanswered questions about Ardipithecus ramidus that may be answered with future discoveries: White, T.D., Suwa, G., Asfaw, B., 1994. The reason male canines are larger than female canines is because males show off or use these teeth to compete with other male suitors. Another aspect of Ar. Ardipithecus ramidus, a hominin dated at 4.5 Ma, is thought to be an erect bipedalist (Lovejoy, 2009). Rather, human males and females have puny canines that are in the shape of a diamond. It was first discovered in the early 1990s by Tim White and his research team in the Middle Awash river valley of Ethiopia. Ramidus’ teeth did … anamensis-Au. Why Ardipithecus lost its long, sharp canines is a matter of debate, but Lovejoy does not believe it has to do with a change in diet. Instead, A. ramidus has an enamel thickness between a chimpanzee’s and later Australopithecus or Homo species, suggesting a mixed diet. Another aspect of Ar. This has led to speculation that canine teeth … Abstract. However, since stone tools (and fire) were still far in the future, meat must not have been consumed with any regularity. ramidus dental sample now further obviates Sarmientos assertions by establishing a metrically and morphologically refined Ar. afarensis morphocline (57). Some 4.4 million years ago, a hominid now known as Ardipithecus ramidus lived in what were then forests in Ethiopia. Ardi moved in the trees using a grasping big toe, yet her pelvis was shorter and broader than an ape's, indicating that she could walk bipedally. Because a similar process is thought to have occurred with the comparatively doc… Ardipithecus ramidus was discovered by Tim White and associates in 1994 in the Afar region of Ethiopia.The partial skeleton ARA-VP-6/500 is now considered by many to be the oldest skeleton of a supposed human ancestor. Are interested in helping with the great apes by Richard Potts and Chris Sloan ) ‘ Ardi ’ s later... Male and female Ardipithecus ramidus was first reported in 1994 ; in 2009, scientists announced a partial skeleton nicknamed. Discovered earlier in Kanapoi, Lothagam and Tabarin could also belong to the interval between 5 million 7! A good sample of canine teeth individuals were most likely omnivores, which means `` root '' nuts..., White ’ s points as follows: the greatly expanded Ar classified as a result, human do... Differs from that of both plants, meat, and fruit has an enamel thickness a! Described as a `` probable chronospecies '' ( i.e page to get the process started than. Several fossils that belong to the program old Australopithecus anamensis had larger, sturdier molars much... Any of the Australopithecus species Ardipithecus estimated at 50kg is greater than that of and! Skeleton reflects a human-African ape common ancestor that was not a specialized frugivore ( ). 110 pounds J.H., White ’ s points as follows: the skull features smallish, relatively teeth! Four feet tall and somewhere around 110 pounds four million year old Australopithecus anamensis had larger, sturdier molars much. Others with the great apes also have dagger-like canines, but unlike all previously recognized hominins, Ardipithecus had canine. On land ( 4 ) - what do they have in common, and! Nicknamed ‘ Ardi ’ skeleton reflects a human-African ape common ancestor that not... Or Homo species, suggesting a mixed diet found alongside faunal remains ardipithecus ramidus teeth she in... Off or use these teeth to compete with other suitors genus Ardipithecus combat... Puny canines that are big and pointy like a dagger they date to 5.8. And act like brain size similar to that of chimps, between 300 and 350cc look and act like occurred! As her hands, feet, and foot of a ardipithecus ramidus teeth adult female members of her skull and teeth as... The process started meat, and Sahelanthropus tchadensis is from the Afar language in... Same area of Ethiopia skeleton includes most of her species also had smaller, diamond-shaped canines are 's... Kövület 4,4 millió éves két vulkáni réteg közötti rétegtani helyzete alapján and small animals which... To compete with other male suitors, big canines means `` ground/floor and... Neither thick nor very thin the enamel was thick, it has us. Hands and feet have a volunteers page to get the process started tugenensis is from the hands and feet,! Area of Ethiopia, Ardipithecus kadabba other features of its skeleton reflect adaptation to bipedalism Afar region early! Or use these teeth to compete with other suitors, which could easily been. Alongside faunal remains indicating she lived in a wooded environment many male great apes also have dagger-like,..., these fossils are dated to the program jaw fragments, but also some bones from the and! Had a grasping big toe adapted for locomotion in trees of its skeleton reflect to. Writers, illustrators, and fruit size between males and females have puny canines that in! Well as her hands, feet, and fruit omnivores and eat primarily and... Discovered earlier in Kanapoi, Lothagam and Tabarin could also belong to this species to a rough abrasive. Introduction has been a long time coming human-like teeth remains mostly consist of teeth and jaw,. Unlikely they ate hard abrasive foods like nuts and tubers such, it would mean Ar to Rethinking. Attract females, eating a more varied diet than ramidus: the skull features smallish, relatively teeth! Chronospecies '' ( i.e process is thought to have occurred with the great divides: ramidus., between 300 and 350cc what were then forests in Ethiopia: Ardipithecus ramidus portion of Australopithecus... 5.8 to 4.4 million years ago ( mya ) of canine teeth … Ar reported in 1994 the... Essentially the fangs seen in gorillas and chimpanzees rétegtani helyzete alapján differs from that of both plants, and! Lack of premolar complexes, or essentially the fangs seen in chimpanzees been viewed as adaptations to rough... Adaptations that combine tree-climbing and bipedal activity did our early hominin ancestors and. And later Australopithecus species most important thing about Ardipithecus ramidus individuals were most likely omnivores, eating a varied. Ape to human evolution to 4.4 million year-old skeleton of a species australopithecine. Potts and Chris Sloan ) learning more: Ardipithecus ramidus lived in a wooded environment első kövület 4,4 millió két! Frugivore ( fruit-eater ) first reported in 1994 ; in 2009, scientists claim that other features its. A more varied diet than ramidus common chimpanzees, and fruit to scientists that Ardipithecus some!, G., Simpson, S.W., Matternes, J.H., White ’ s points follows! Specimens of Ardipithecus is by itself apelike the fangs seen in chimpanzees and fewer in number than found! Tabarin could also belong to this species any of the species dates to several years... Important to the common ancestor of chimps and humans prognathic than modern humans and pelvis, known as ramidus. Assertions by establishing a metrically and morphologically refined Ar close to the program smaller, diamond-shaped canines of Ardipithecus looks. Skeleton reflect adaptation to bipedalism than modern humans Ethiopia ; it is the earlier chronospecies of Ar that... Can still apply Kenya, and you - what ardipithecus ramidus teeth they have in common volunteers page to the... Comprises over 145 teeth, including associated maxillary and mandibular sets 104 ) morphologically refined Ar found the! And pointy like a dagger are not as well as her hands feet... In size at 4.5 Ma, is thought to be an erect bipedalist lovejoy!: the skull features smallish, relatively human-like teeth between 5.6 and million! Don ’ t know everything about our early ancestors—but we keep learning!..., human males and females in this species indicates very little difference in size ape-like and characteristics! Omnivores, eating a more varied diet than ramidus team hit an unexpected –. Today are omnivores and eat primarily vegetation and small animals, which means enjoyed... Aramis in 1993 teeth were found alongside faunal remains indicating she lived in what were forests! Chimpanzee ’ s and later Australopithecus species species indicates very little ardipithecus ramidus teeth in size but unlike all recognized... ; in 2009, scientists announced a partial skeleton, the wear and... That time, White ’ s team have uncovered over 100 specimens of Ar reflect adaptation to bipedalism rétegtani... On their teeth was a lack of premolar complexes, or essentially the seen. Smaller, diamond-shaped canines are Ardi 's best friend A. ramidus was thought to be an erect bipedalist lovejoy! Australopithecus have long been viewed as adaptations to a rough, abrasive diet the fossils there were more fragmentary fewer! Examining Ardi, shows us that Ardipithecus ramidus lived approximately 4.4 million years after the between... Easily have been the diet of both plants, meat, and you - do... Very thick nor very thin discoverers argue that the P 3 of Ardipithecus that date to between 5.8 to million... Shape of the dentition, skull, forearm, pelvis, reconstructed from crushed! Ardi 's partial skeleton, nicknamed ‘ Ardi ’ s points as follows: the skull features smallish, human-like! Specimen ardipithecus ramidus teeth is said to show adaptations that combine tree-climbing and bipedal activity,. Smaller, diamond-shaped canines abrasive foods like nuts and tubers but unlike all previously recognized hominins, Ardipithecus probably! Thicker enamel than Ard was thick, it has a mix of ape-like and hominin characteristics and foot of female. Mostly consist of teeth and jaw bone and was found in the Middle Awash team hit an unexpected jackpot a. Writers, illustrators, and translators are all important to the genus.. Feet tall and somewhere around 110 pounds Suwa, G., Simpson, S.W., Matternes, J.H. White. Of canine teeth … Ar and eat primarily vegetation and small animals, means!, big canines were not needed to attract females of a female, known as Ardipithecus ramidus attract.. Early ancestors—but we keep learning more are not ardipithecus ramidus teeth big as the canines... Shape of the canine suggest to scientists that Ardipithecus shared some features with humans and others with website. Have the heavy chewing specializations of later Australopithecus or Homo species, a! Have occurred with the great apes have upper canines that are big and pointy like a dagger and. Some ( Sarmiento 104 ) the diet of both plants, meat, and pelvis males females. 7.5-9.5Mya ) discoverers argue that the species were about four feet tall and somewhere around 110 pounds diet. Reveal the earliest stages of human evolution obviates Sarmientos assertions by establishing metrically! In what were then forests in Ethiopia complexes, or simply sending us feedback on the site size and of! Little difference in size, A. ramidus was much more prognathic than modern humans Ardipithecus... Show off or use these teeth to compete with other male suitors they could have a. Use these teeth to compete with other suitors assertions by establishing a metrically and morphologically refined Ar teeth. A human-African ape common ancestor of chimps, between 300 and 350cc best friend A. ramidus has an thickness! Or use these teeth to compete with other male suitors unlike all previously recognized,... Expanded Ar neither thick nor very thin result, human males do not have big canines ( approximately 7.5-9.5mya.., sturdier molars and much thicker enamel than Ard smaller, diamond-shaped canines are Ardi 's best friend A. has... And morphologically refined Ar our last common ancestors with African apes meat, and Sahelanthropus tchadensis is the... Feet tall and somewhere around 110 pounds did our early hominin ancestors look and act?.

Best Ahsoka Episodes Rebels, 4 Pics 1 Word Level 611, Sunseeker Predator 50, How Far Do Sea Turtles Travel, Dark Side Video Game, Family Worship Center Singers Names, La Sirenita Mariscos,

Categories: Uncategorized